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circulate
circulated
circulates
circulating
1. Ordinarily ‘Rest’ means stopping all voluntary activities (you still have to breath or digest food or cause the blood to circulate)
2. “I’ll try, should I keep my hands off of you so you can circulate?”
3. A greater annual produce would require a greater quantity of coin to circulate it ; and a greater number of rich people would require a greater quantity of plate and other ornaments of silver
4. The increasing produce of the agriculture and manufactures of Europe must necessarily have required a gradual increase in the quantity of silver coin to circulate it ; and the increasing number of wealthy individuals must have required the like increase in the quantity of their plate and other ornaments of silver
5. Though it goes backwards and forwards between the ground and the granary, it never changes masters, and therefore does not properly circulate
6. Thus, when we say that the circulating money of England has been computed at eighteen millions, we mean only to express the amount of the metal pieces, which some writers have computed, or rather have supposed, to circulate in that country
7. But the amount of the metal pieces which circulate in a society, can never be equal to the revenue of all its members
8. As the same guinea which pays the weekly pension of one man to-day, may pay that of another to-morrow, and that of a third the day thereafter, the amount of the metal pieces which annually circulate in any country, must always be of much less value than the whole money pensions annually paid with them
9. That revenue, therefore, cannot consist in those metal pieces, of which the amount is so much inferior to its value, but in the power of purchasing, in the goods which can successively be bought with them as they circulate from hand to hand
10. part of them continue to circulate for months and years together
11. But the annual produce of the land and labour of the country had before required only one million to circulate and distribute it to its proper consumers, and that annual produce cannot be immediately augmented by those operations of banking
12. One million, therefore, will be sufficient to circulate it after them
13. When we compute the quantity of industry which the circulating capital of any society can employ, we must always have regard to those parts of it only which consist in provisions, materials, and finished work ; the other, which consists in money, and which serves only to circulate those three, must always be deducted
14. The whole paper money of every kind which can easily circulate in any country, never can exceed the value of the gold and silver, of which it supplies the place, or which (the commerce being supposed the same) would circulate there, if there was no paper money
15. If twenty shilling notes, for example, are the lowest paper money current in Scotland, the whole of that currency which can easily circulate there, cannot exceed the sum of gold and silver which would be necessary for transacting the annual exchanges of twenty shillings value and upwards usually transacted within that country
16. Should this bank attempt to circulate forty-four thousand pounds, the four thousand pounds which are over and above what the circulation can easily absorb and employ, will return upon it almost as fast as they are issued
17. But small sums circulate much faster than large ones
18. The sole use of money is to circulate consumable goods
19. The value of the consumable goods annually circulated within the society being greater, will require a greater quantity of money to circulate them
20. The value of goods annually bought and sold in any country requires a certain quantity of money to circulate and distribute them to their proper consumers, and can give employment to no more
21. Fewer goods are circulated there, and less money becomes necessary to circulate them
22. In time of a general war, it is natural to suppose that a movement and direction should be impressed upon it, different from what it usually follows in profound peace, that it should circulate more about the seat of the war, and be more employed in purchasing there, and in the neighbouring countries, the pay and provisions of the different armies
23. that works al of the major muscles and joints in the body, helping to circulate
24. A small stop in that great blood-vessel, which has been artificially swelled beyond its natural dimensions, and through which an unnatural proportion of the industry and commerce of the country has been forced to circulate, is very likely to bring on the most dangerous
25. The bank of England, either by voluntarily discounting those bills at their current value, or by agreeing with government for certain considerations to circulate exchequer bills, that is, to receive them at par, paying the interest which happens to be due upon them, keeps up their value, and facilitates their circulation, and thereby frequently enables government to contract a very large debt of this kind
26. started them without revving the engine, allowed all the fluids to circulate completely and then knew that the car was ready to go
27. I spoke to my contact, a certain rigger on this ship named Foolscap, and he said he would circulate that the gold was en route and whoever the kidnappers are, they should get in touch with me
28. “Well, I wasn’t planning to circulate any of the bills
29. Even if she meant her scheme to save the emperor, counterfeiting was high treason—punishable by death—whether she intended to circulate the bills or not
30. The guards were constantly yielding up these stories, riveting for their stark terror which would then circulate through the office until Sinclair show up again to loosen the resolve of the next headstrong individual, and there’d be a new rumor
31. Others were too eager to circulate such rumors as well as the names of those who commented on such impertinent views of the Holy Avatar, the Patriarch
32. The bulky Biafran had little life left in him and grew weak, finally letting Ethan gasp for air, blood starting to circulate once more
33. With this, it makes circulate the resources freely as usufruct through new organizational structure in an autosustainable way
34. See other examples: the donations of trillion dollars that are collected by Third Sector; the payments of wages that are effected by the companies; the taxes and duties that are deposited in the Banks; savings and investment of billion of citizens that are credited in bank current account; governmental transfers that are sent to States and Municipal districts and other values that circulate in the banking system
35. This happens because immense values circulate in the documental forms among the involved agents with the information technology utilization that generates rapid power to make decisions in the application of resources for gain or strategic flight of the loss
36. Only to have idea, trillion of trillion dollars will remain “in a flash”, as well as trillion of products and services will circulate in total availability with application of this methodology
37. The objective is to accomplish its roles with new social and economic paradigm in an integrated way with total interaction, as if it was an interconnected global network where the resources and the wealth circulate without there is “owner” or individual possessions in chain
38. These products and services will circulate to activate the economy and to generate well-being, without its definitive and anonymous possession
39. circulate, without being transfer of one for another
40. Coordenational Structure so that they circulate freely, without
41. This process does with that resources, products and services circulate without “owners” for the society, so that there is abundance of the wealth for complete usufruct and generation of the social well-being to the private entrepreneurs, public sectors and mainly to the population through free market and freedom of expression
42. With this, the wealth will appear and will circulate freely for usufruct of the beneficiary individuals and it will produce more wealth through the social production for the agreed organizations
43. The agreed organizations turn available its operational resources and installations so that its products and services circulate freely in the Coordenational Structure, without need of payment of taxes, without there are owners and mainly without it is simple transfer of income
44. These cells, which hold the "flavor" of our experience, are both stored in body parts and circulate throughout our whole body-mind, including the brain
45. arms and legs, the blood began to circulate in his limbs, slowly
46. Fans circulate the air, provide a soothing, low-level whir (the white noise can help you sleep), and reduce cooling bills in the summer and heating bills in the winter
47. I could be certain now that my appearance would begin to circulate in the gossip mill
48. Rumors began to circulate that the spell I was under had begun to wear off
49. getting our energy to vibrate and circulate through us; there is another thing
50. The content you post and circulate through the internet is going to determine
1. Notices are being circulated – the ceremony will be held in two days’ time
2. Random thoughts circulated in my head, like oiled fingers in hair
3. circulated to the Guardians on both sides, but there’s been no
4. They dictated the text of a public notice to be circulated, and also to be posted at the public gathering places in the village
5. rumours circulated about the Templars, and he knew that
6. Letters were circulated, funds collected and naturally dispersed on posters (non-talking), postage and trust tax
7. The same exchanges may be made, the same quantity of consumable goods may be circulated and distributed to their proper consumers, by means of his promissory notes, to the value of a hundred thousand pounds, as by an equal value of gold and silver money
8. The whole value of the great wheel of circulation and distribution is added to the goods which are circulated and distributed by means of it
9. What is the proportion which the circulating money of any country bears to the whole value of the annual produce circulated by means of it, it is perhaps impossible to determine
10. The value of the silver money which circulated in Scotland before the Union in 1707, and which, immediately after it, was brought into the Bank of Scotland, in order to be recoined, amounted to £411,117: 10: 9 sterling
11. The whole value of the gold and silver, therefore, which circulated in Scotland before the Union, cannot be estimated at less than a million sterling
12. When they observed, that within moderate periods of time, the repayments of a particular customer were, upon most occasions, fully equal to the advances which they had made to him, they might be assured that the paper money which they had advanced to him had not, at any time, exceeded the quantity of gold and silver which he would otherwise have been obliged to keep by him for answering occasional demands; and that, consequently, the paper money, which they had circulated by his means, had not at any time exceeded the quantity of gold and silver which would have circulated in the country, had there been no paper money
13. The advances of the bank paper, by exceeding the quantity of gold and silver which, had there been no such advances, he would have been obliged to keep by him for answering occasional demands, might soon come to exceed the whole quantity of gold and silver which ( the commerce being supposed the same ) would have circulated in the country, had there been no paper money; and, consequently, to exceed the quantity which the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ ; and the excess of this paper money would immediately have returned upon the bank, in order to be exchanged for gold and silver
14. The greater part of this paper was, consequently, over and above the value of the gold and silver which would have circulated in the country, had there been no paper money
15. Upon the two hundred thousand pounds which it circulated in bank notes, this five per cent
16. The gold and silver money which circulates in any country, and by means of which, the produce of its land and labour is annually circulated and distributed to the proper consumers, is, in the same manner as the ready money of the dealer, all dead stock
17. The value of the goods circulated between the different dealers never can exceed the value of those circulated between the dealers and the consumers ; whatever is bought by the dealers being ultimately destined to be sold to the consumers
18. Where no bank notes are circulated under £10 value, as in London, paper money confines itself very much to the circulation between the dealers
19. The quantity of money, therefore, which can be annually employed in any country, must be determined by the value of the consumable goods annually circulated within it
20. The value of the consumable goods annually circulated within the society being greater, will require a greater quantity of money to circulate them
21. An increase in the quantity of silver, while that of the commodities circulated by means of it remained the same, could have no other effect than to diminish the value of that metal
22. Any increase in the quantity of commodities annually circulated within the country, while that of the money which circulated them remained the same, would, on the contrary, produce many other important effects, besides that of raising the value of the money
23. Others admit, that if a nation could be separated from all the world, it would be of no consequence how much or how little money circulated in it
24. The consumable goods, which were circulated by means of this money, would only be exchanged for a greater or a smaller number of pieces; but the real wealth or poverty of the country, they allow, would depend altogether upon the abundance or scarcity of those consumable goods
25. The far greater part is circulated and consumed among themselves; and even of the surplus which is sent abroad, the greater part is generally destined for the purchase of other foreign goods
26. It should as readily occur, that the quantity of gold and silver is, in every country, limited by the use which there is for those metals ; that their use consists in circulating commodities, as coin, and in affording a species of household furniture, as plate; that the quantity of coin in every country is regulated by the value of the commodities which are to be circulated by it; increase that value, and immediately a part of it will be sent abroad to purchase, wherever it is to be had, the additional quantity of coin requisite for circulating them : that the quantity of plate is regulated by the number and wealth of those private families who choose to indulge themselves in that sort of magnificence; increase the number and wealth of such families, and a part of this increased wealth will most probably be employed in purchasing, wherever it is to be found, an additional quantity of plate ; that to attempt to increase the wealth of any country, either by introducing or by detaining in it an
27. Increase the use of them, increase the consumable commodities which are to be circulated, managed, and prepared by means of them, and you will infallibly increase the quantity ; but if you attempt by extraordinary means to increase the quantity, you will as infallibly diminish the use, and even the quantity too, which in those metals can never be greater than what the use requires
28. Fewer goods are circulated there, and less money becomes necessary to circulate them
29. The national coin receives its movement and direction from the commodities circulated within the precincts of each particular country ; the money in the mercantile republic, from those circulated between different countries
30. At Amsterdam, however, no point of faith is better established than that, for every guilder circulated as bank money, there is a correspondent guilder in gold or silver to be found in the treasures of the bank
31. The authors of the New Testament quote from 31 books in the Old Testament and the writings were circulated so widely that the complete set of both Old and New Testament writings became known as the “New Covenant”
32. opinion that circulated in society like a virus
33. Pamela circulated slowly, talking with the different
34. Mistress Prism, with her squeaky little voice barked out the commands while Mistress Twig circulated amongst us with her ever present riding crop just incase one of us might dare to rain disapproval and embarrassment upon her and Prism by doing the positions less than perfectly
35. That translated into avoiding the usual hotspots in the gathered crowd, namely blind drinking contests (named so because the winner usually ends up with optic nerve damage), prostitutes (sex workers is a more catchy term, but in Memphis they still call them whores), and alligator fights (popular opinion is that the losing ’gator is turned into women’s accessories, but some local news outlets circulated some rather more sinister rumors about zombie assasin ’gators)
36. The Poles laughed and circulated the bottle among themselves, and Colling was asked what he thought of Polish vodka
37. Published in Landsgau, the Division’s headquarters, it circulated throughout the division’s area of responsibility, but seldom reached outlying locations such as Camp 146
38. he signed a petition circulated by 911 Truth
39. bloodstream and circulated to the brain
40. His indiscretion and the news of this forbidden act circulated like wildfire among the guides of the town
41. A brother, the curse circulated through his mind and came to culmination
42. My poor Amelia, the thought circulated through his mind
43. He said he was not surprised since word had been circulated that holders of gereges must be obeyed instantly and without question
44. These letters were circulated throughout all of the Persian empire, initiating
45. The new law was then circulated throughout the kingdom, or nation, by messengers,
46. The new law was then circulated throughout the kingdom, or nation,
47. Whispers and rumours circulated that they
48. The mayor’s lack of sensitivity to a democratic process prompted Roger to write a letter to the local newspapers including the widely circulated Fullerton “Daily News Tribune” which published it on July 11, 1978
49. But in pre-computer days, remember carbon copies, the various lawyers at multiple divisions in both states circulated colored carbon copies to all the other lawyers
50. Hooray for me! Macmillan, did you still think I was soft on shipbuilders? Secondly, back in pre-computer days, when carbon copies of all correspondence circulated widely, one of my more onerous, thankless tasks—required by the Admiral and the ACO—was reading of every last piece of correspondence that went into and came out of both SupShip and Ingalls HQ
1. compromise, where the idea of democracy circulates
2. require a certain expense, first to erect them, and afterwards to support them, both which expenses, though they make a part of the gross, are deductions from the neat revenue of the society ; so the stock of money which circulates in any country must require a certain expense, first to collect it, and afterwards to support it; both which expenses, though they make a part of the gross, are, in the same manner, deductions from the neat revenue of the society
3. It receives and pays the greater part of the annuities which are due to the creditors of the public ; it circulates exchequer bills ; and it advances to government the annual amount of the land and malt taxes, which are frequently not paid up till some years thereafter
4. The gold and silver money which circulates in any country, and by means of which, the produce of its land and labour is annually circulated and distributed to the proper consumers, is, in the same manner as the ready money of the dealer, all dead stock
5. The gold and silver money which circulates in any country may very properly be compared to a highway, which, while it circulates and carries to market all the grass and corn of the country, produces itself not a single pile of either
6. This bullion, as it circulates among different commercial countries, in the same manner as the national coin circulates in every country, may be considered as the money of the great mercantile republic
7. They know, that where little wealth circulates, there is little to be got; but that where a great deal is in motion, some share of it may fall to them
8. Space: In order that air circulates in the body and maintains a proper balance, there has to be space
9. Besides, there is the depredation economic or political that the external capital produces the countries when in them it circulates in search of profit
10. ( user03) d) Economic Agents are all corporations that adhere to the Project as agreed organization, constituted network, non-profit corporation and collaborating corporation that turn available its organizational resources, as well as its products and services for total usufruct so that that wealth circulates freely in the Coordenational Structure
11. It is important to emphasize that after the formation of the Coordenational Structure there will be the self-sufficiency of resources and services, because each agreed organization will turn available all its resource so that it circulates freely without its definitive possession
12. Our systematics does with that the wealth circulates to generate abundance with sufficiency of resources
13. Minutes later, the Sun sets behind the western rocky ridge, and an instant chill circulates throughout the cemetery
14. Hot blood teases my nerves as it circulates all over me
15. The energy that circulates within animates the group’s level of vitality,
16. Often it is said that life, and all that we do circulates
17. The water heater takes super hot water from the roof and circulates it in a mix with water in the solar tank
18. and circulates in the bloodstream, where it is picked up by other tissues (i
19. The gift of His Grace is matchless and as real as the air which circulates around the globe
20. It digests the food, burnt in the fire of Pran and circulates its
21. The Holy saying reads: "Satan flows through a Son of Adam as the blood circulates in the body"
22. When you get at believing in that there is no God but Al'lah and become one of those who see that God's Hand controls the movement of all universe, when your spirit becomes immersed in this viewing and you become witnessing that no winds blow, no clouds cover the sky or stick together, no rains flow, no lightning flashes or shimmers, no thunder resounds, no sea runs high and low with restless waves, no water of river flows in constant flax, no volcano breaks out angrily, no flood streams in force and intension, no earthquake shakes the land making forgetful and heedless hearts tremble scared, no earth circulates in order to cause Night and Day and four seasons, no stars swim shining within systematic orbits: that is to say, if you become of those who witness that the universe with all its creatures is but one unit directed by a Hand of Wise and Peerless One and a Will of Cognizant and Omniscient One, according to your efforts, and your Daily-contemplations, and without Him even your hand does not move, your eye does not blink, your ear does not hear a sound or a noise, your heart does not beat pulsing between systole and diastole, your stomach does not secrete its gastric juice over the foods inside it, your liver does not store substances or secrete others according to a firm standards, your lungs do not expand and contract between inspiration and expiration, your blood does not flow in arteries and veins, the red corpuscles do not carry what they carry to and fro, the white corpuscles do not fight and struggle with microbes, the germs do not attack the body severely: I say, if you become sure of that by minding and spiritual witnessing, not by hearing from specialists or reading in volumes and books so that you become seeing that everything is controlled by God's Hand and that all people, notables or commoners, near or far, strong or weak, and even all the creatures, can not render you a benefit nor protect you from an evil, nor hurt you or cause any change in your state except by Al'lah's Leave, there; you will enter the fort of straightness and will never exceed God's bounds
23. a bedside lamp; the heat of the bulb circulates the scent
24. “ In this diluted form, it makes the person more receptive and willing to believe falsely spoken words which are chanted for hours on end, and the added ash permeates, then seals what is said into the very heart and soul; the beginning of darkness evolving from the very essence of innocence that even now circulates within your own heart and soul
25. However, another darker rumor still circulates, that Mrs
26. circulates these to all banks and financial institutions
27. and this excess cholesterol circulates in the bloodstream
28. Earth has teamed up with Heaven, Matter with Spirit, there arose a channel through which the Energy-Information circulates in both directions
29. More precisely, not where it's going, but in which it circulates
30. Energy ( qi in Chinese tradition) circulates in the said 12 merid-
31. The packet also circulates around the ring
32. The AM prevented this by introducing a propagation delay of at least 24 bits (called a latency buffer), which ensured that the token circulates around the network properly
33. Ki-hoon records his classes on video, and circulates them on the internet, where students log on at the rate of $4 an hour
34. A sort of prophetic spirit and an afflatus of the future circulates
35. Grace being said,—for those people have their grace as well as we—though Queequeg told me that unlike us, who at such times look downwards to our platters, they, on the contrary, copying the ducks, glance upwards to the great Giver of all feasts—Grace, I say, being said, the High Priest opens the banquet by the immemorial ceremony of the island; that is, dipping his consecrated and consecrating fingers into the bowl before the blessed beverage circulates
36. and Shatov circulates it among the young people as much as to say, 'This was Herzen's opinion of me
37. The Scientific American is promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it circulates
1. Through it all, as the jars and the jolts and the rolling corners sent jagged sparks circulating through my nerve endings, I groaned and tried to blot the world out by closing my eyes, by willing myself into coma
2. Even as he spoke the great politician became aware of a whisper circulating around the chamber
3. There were stories circulating around from Lord Tarak’s men about her fighting ability and upon finally seeing her, Altera seriously doubted them
4. You can gather feedback from representatives of all segments of the community by circulating the application for review
5. She felt cool air circulating in the heat of that void
6. carefully at the words placed before you and action circulating before you
7. circulating around the chamber
8. If that wasn't reason enough to push her away, the rumors circulating lately were
9. Secondly, it may be employed in the improvement of land, in the purchase of useful machines and instruments of trade, or in such like things as yield a revenue or profit without changing masters, or circulating any further
10. Different occupations require very different proportions between the fixed and circulating capitals employed in them
11. The capital of a merchant, for example, is altogether a circulating capital
12. That part of the capital of the farmer which is employed in the instruments of agriculture is a fixed, that which is employed in the wages and maintenance of his labouring servants is a circulating capital
13. The price or value of his labouring cattle is a fixed capital, in the same manner as that of the instruments of husbandry; their maintenance is a circulating capital, in the same manner as that of the labouring servants
14. Both the price and the maintenance of the cattle which are bought in and fattened, not for labour, but for sale, are a circulating capital
15. Their maintenance is a circulating capital
16. The second of the three portions into which the general stock of the society divides itself, is the fixed capital ; of which the characteristic is, that it affords a revenue or profit without circulating or changing masters
17. An improved farm may very justly be regarded in the same light as those useful machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and by means of which an equal circulating capital can afford a much greater revenue to its employer
18. The circulating capital consists, in this manner, of the provisions, materials, and finished work of all kinds that are in the hands of their respective dealers, and of the money that is necessary for circulating and distributing them to those who are finally to use or to consume them
19. No fixed capital can yield any revenue but by means of a circulating capital The most useful machines and instruments of trade will produce nothing, without the circulating capital, which affords the materials they are employed upon, and the maintenance of the workmen who employ them
20. Land, however improved, will yield no revenue without a circulating capital, which maintains the labourers who cultivate and collect its produce
21. To maintain and augment the stock which maybe reserved for immediate consumption, is the sole end and purpose both of the fixed and circulating capitals
22. Lands, mines, and fisheries, require all both a fixed and circulating capital to cultivate them; and their produce replaces, with a profit not only those capitals, but all the others in the society
23. In the one case it is a fixed, in the other it is a circulating capital
24. The gross revenue of all the inhabitants of a great country comprehends the whole annual produce of their land and labour; the neat revenue, what remains free to them, after deducting the expense of maintaining first, their fixed, and, secondly, their circulating capital, or what, without encroaching upon their capital, they can place in their stock reserved for immediate consumption, or spend upon their subsistence
25. Money, therefore, is the only part of the circulating capital of a society, of which the maintenance can occasion any diminution in their neat revenue
26. The fixed capital, and that part of the circulating capital which consists in money, so far as they affect the revenue of the society, bear a very great resemblance to one another
27. Thus, when we say that the circulating money of England has been computed at eighteen millions, we mean only to express the amount of the metal pieces, which some writers have computed, or rather have supposed, to circulate in that country
28. which compose the fixed capital, bear this further resemblance to that part of the circulating capital which consists in money; that as every saving in the expense of erecting and supporting those machines, which does not diminish the introductive powers of labour, is an improvement of the neat revenue of the society ; so every saving in the expense of collecting and supporting that part of the circulating capital which consists in money is an improvement of exactly the same kind
29. The whole capital of the undertaker of every work is necessarily divided between his fixed and his circulating capital
30. It is the circulating capital which furnishes the materials and wages of labour, and puts industry into motion
31. There are several different sorts of paper money; but the circulating notes of banks and bankers are the species which is best known, and which seems best adapted for this purpose
32. Let us suppose, for example, that the whole circulating money of some particular country amounted, at a particular time, to one million sterling, that sum being then sufficient for circulating the whole annual produce of their land and labour; let us suppose, too, that some time thereafter, different banks and bankers issued promissory notes payable to the bearer, to the extent of one million, reserving in their different coffers two hundred thousand pounds for answering occasional demands ; there would remain, therefore, in circulation, eight hundred thousand pounds in gold and silver, and a million of bank notes, or eighteen hundred thousand pounds of paper and money together
33. When we compute the quantity of industry which the circulating capital of any society can employ, we must always have regard to those parts of it only which consist in provisions, materials, and finished work ; the other, which consists in money, and which serves only to circulate those three, must always be deducted
34. When paper is substituted in the room of gold and silver money, the quantity of the materials, tools, and maintenance, which the whole circulating capital can supply, may be increased by the whole value of gold and silver which used to be employed in purchasing them
35. The operation, in some measure, resembles that of the undertaker of some great work, who, in consequence of some improvement in mechanics, takes down his old machinery, and adds the difference between its price and that of the new to his circulating capital, to the fund from which he furnishes materials and wages to his workmen
36. What is the proportion which the circulating money of any country bears to the whole value of the annual produce circulated by means of it, it is perhaps impossible to determine
37. But how small soever the proportion which the circulating money may bear to the whole value of the annual produce, as but a part, and frequently but a small part, of that produce, is ever destined for the maintenance of industry, it must always bear a very considerable proportion to that part
38. But though the circulating gold and silver of Scotland have suffered so great a diminution during this period, its real riches and prosperity do not appear to have suffered any
39. Should the circulating paper at any time exceed that sum, as the excess could neither be sent abroad nor be employed in the circulation of the country, it must immediately return upon the banks, to be exchanged for gold and silver
40. A bank cannot, consistently with its own interest, advance to a trader the whole, or even the greater part of the circulating capital with which he trades ; because, though that capital is continually returning to him in the shape of money, and going from him in the same shape, yet the whole of the returns is too distant from the whole of the outgoings, and the sum of his repayments could not equal the sum of his advances within such moderate periods of time as suit the conveniency of a bank
41. The returns of the fixed capital are, in almost all cases, much slower than those of the circulating capital : and such expenses, even when laid out with the greatest prudence and judgment, very seldom return to the undertaker till after a period of many years, a period by far too distant to suit the conveniency of a bank
42. Whatever was advanced upon such circulating bills was in Edinburgh advanced in the paper of the Scotch banks ; and in London, when they were discounted at the Bank of England in the paper of that bank
43. The stream which, by means of those circulating bills of exchange, had once been made to run out from the coffers of the banks, was never replaced by any stream which really ran into them
44. The paper which was issued upon those circulating bills of exchange amounted, upon many occasions, to the whole fund destined for carrying on some vast and extensive project of agriculture, commerce, or manufactures ; and not merely to that part of it which, had there been no paper money, the projector would have been obliged to keep by him unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands
45. With regard to the latter, it seems to have made scarce any distinction between real and circulating bills, but to have discounted all equally
46. All the dealers in circulating bills of exchange, which those other banks had become so backward in discounting, had recourse to this new bank, where they were received with open arms
47. The debtors of such a bank as that whose conduct I have been giving some account of were likely, the greater part of them, to be chimerical projectors, the drawers and redrawers of circulating bills of exchange, who would employ the money in extravagant undertakings, which, with all the assistance that could be given them, they would probably never be able to complete, and which, if they should be completed, would never repay the expense which they had really cost, would never afford a fund capable of maintaining a quantity of labour equal to that which had been employed about them
48. Among the cars circulating in the trafic of
49. If bankers are restrained from issuing any circulating bank notes, or notes payable to the bearer, for less than a certain sum; and if they are subjected to the obligation of an immediate and unconditional payment of such bank notes as soon as presented, their trade may, with safety to the public, be rendered in all other respects perfectly free
50. It restrains the circulation of each particular company within a narrower circle, and reduces their circulating notes to a smaller number