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1. forasmuch as ye know that your labour is not in vain in the

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2. ‘Yes, it might take her a while to get back into the labour market the way things are

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3. cards and heading down to the labour exchange I found myself ensconced with that

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4. Although it was a labour of love, he knew that one day,

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5. 'After three years of saving every rupee I could, Ish calls my labour dishonest

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6. thirsty labour, toiling up and down the hills on the winding and dusty

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7. and arduous task, requiring many years of labour, and countless

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8. had the satisfaction of seeing the results of their day’s labour, of

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9. The culmination of their labour was getting the harvest safely

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10. Most excitingly, M went into labour!

11. The grain was bagged and loaded with more back-breaking labour

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12. However, the men soon discarded their outer garments, warmed by the labour of digging - the sweat marking dark shadows on their t-shirts

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13. Chrissie’s arms ache, her elbows stiff and awkward after the unaccustomed labour

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14. He had been working as casual labour in the winter of 2013 employed in the vicinity of Coonabarabran sorting grain

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15. He lives out of his backpack and works in the Pilbara region as casual labour

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16. This time I found much employment, and very suitable also to the time, for I found great occasion for many things which I had no way to furnish myself with but by hard labour and constant application; particularly I tried many ways to make myself a basket, but all the twigs I could get for the purpose proved so brittle that they would do nothing

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17. In this state of things, the whole produce of labour belongs to the labourer; and the quantity of labour commonly employed in acquiring or producing any commodity, is the only circumstance which can regulate the quantity of labour which it ought commonly to purchase, command, or exchange

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18. As soon as stock has accumulated in the hands of particular persons, some of them will naturally employ it in setting to work industrious people, whom they will supply with materials and subsistence, in order to make a profit by the sale of their work, or by what their labour adds to the value of the materials

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19. In exchanging the complete manufacture either for money, for labour, or for other goods, over and above what may be sufficient to pay the price of the materials, and the wages of the workmen, something must be given for the profits of the undertaker of the work, who hazards his stock in this adventure

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20. The profits of stock, it may perhaps be thought, are only a different name for the wages of a particular sort of labour, the labour of inspection and direction

21. They are, however, altogether different, are regulated by quite different principles, and bear no proportion to the quantity, the hardship, or the ingenuity of this supposed labour of inspection and direction

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22. But though their profits are so very different, their labour of inspection and direction may be either altogether or very nearly the same

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23. In many great works, almost the whole labour of this kind is committed to some principal clerk

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24. His wages properly express the value of this labour of inspection and direction

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25. Though in settling them some regard is had commonly, not only to his labour and skill, but to the trust which is reposed in him, yet they never bear any regular proportion to the capital of which he oversees the management ; and the owner of this capital, though he is thus discharged of almost all labour, still expects that his profit should bear a regular proportion to his capital

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26. In the price of commodities, therefore, the profits of stock constitute a component part altogether different from the wages of labour, and regulated by quite different principles

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27. In this state of things, the whole produce of labour does not always belong to the labourer

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28. Neither is the quantity of labour commonly employed in acquiring or producing any commodity, the only circumstance which can regulate the quantity which it ought commonly to purchase, command or exchange for

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29. An additional quantity, it is evident, must be due for the profits of the stock which advanced the wages and furnished the materials of that labour

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30. He must then pay for the licence to gather them, and must give up to the landlord a portion of what his labour either collects or produces

31. The real value of all the different component parts of price, it must be observed, is measured by the quantity of labour which they can, each of them, purchase or command

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32. Labour measures the value, not only of that part of price which resolves itself into labour, but of that which resolves itself into rent, and of that which resolves itself into profit

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33. But it must be considered, that the price of any instrument of husbandry, such as a labouring horse, is itself made up of the same time parts ; the rent of the land upon which he is reared, the labour of tending and rearing him, and the profits of the farmer, who advances both the rent of this land, and the wages of this labour

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34. Though the price of the corn, therefore, may pay the price as well as the maintenance of the horse, the whole price still resolves itself, either immediately or ultimately, into the same three parts of rent, labour, and profit

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35. In the price of flour or meal, we must add to the price of the corn, the profits of the miller, and the wages of his servants ; in the price of bread, the profits of the baker, and the wages of his servants; and in the price of both, the labour of transporting the corn from the house of the farmer to that of the miller, and from that of the miller to that of the baker, together with the profits of those who advance the wages of that labour

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36. In the most improved societies, however, there are always a few commodities of which the price resolves itself into two parts only the wages of labour, and the profits of stock ; and a still smaller number, in which it consists altogether in the wages of labour

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37. In the price of sea-fish, for example, one part pays the labour of the fisherman, and the other the profits of the capital employed in the fishery

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38. The price which is paid to them by the stone-cutter, is altogether the wages of their labour ; neither rent nor profit makes an part of it

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39. As the price or exchangeable value of every particular commodity, taken separately, resolves itself into some one or other, or all of those three parts ; so that of all the commodities which compose the whole annual produce of the labour of every country, taken complexly, must resolve itself into the same three parts, and be parcelled out among different inhabitants of the country, either as the wages of their labour, the profits of their stock, or the rent of their land

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40. The whole of what is annually either collected or produced by the labour of every society, or, what comes to the same thing, the whole price of it, is in this manner originally distributed among some of its different members

41. Whoever derives his revenue from a fund which is his own, must draw it either from his labour, from his stock, or from his land

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42. The revenue derived from labour is called wages; that derived from stock, by the person who manages or employs it, is called profit; that derived from it by the person who does not employ it himself, but lends it to another, is called the interest or the use of money

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43. The revenue of the farmer is derived partly from his labour, and partly from his stock

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44. To him, land is only the instrument which enables him to earn the wages of this labour, and to make the profits of this stock

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45. All taxes, and all the revenue which is founded upon them, all salaries, pensions, and annuities of every kind, are ultimately derived from some one or other of those three original sources of revenue, and are paid either immediately or mediately from the wages of labour, the profits of stock, or the rent of land

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46. The whole, however, is commonly considered as the earnings of his labour

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47. As in a civilized country there are but few commodities of which the exchangeable value arises from labour only, rent and profit contributing largely to that of the far greater part of them, so the annual produce of its labour will always be sufficient to purchase or command a much greater quantity of labour than what was employed in raising, preparing, and bringing that produce to market

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48. If the society were annually to employ all the labour which it can annually purchase, as the quantity of labour would increase greatly every year, so the produce of every succeeding year would be of vastly greater value than that of the foregoing

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49. When the price of any commodity is neither more nor less than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land, the wages of the labour, and the profits of the stock employed in raising, preparing, and bringing it to market, according to their natural rates, the commodity is then sold for what may be called its natural price

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50. The market price of every particular commodity is regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity, or the whole value of the rent, labour, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither

51. In the other species of industry, the produce of equal quantities of labour being always the same, or very nearly the same, it can be more exactly suited to the effectual demand

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52. Such fluctuations affect both the value and the rate, either of wages or of profit, according as the market happens to be either overstocked or understocked with commodities or with labour, with work done, or with work to be done

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53. The market is understocked with commodities, not with labour, with work done, not with work to be done

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54. The market is here understocked with labour

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55. There is an effectual demand for more labour, for more work to be done, than can be had

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56. The market is here overstocked both with commodities and with labour

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57. His extraordinary gains arise from the high price which is paid for his private labour

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58. They properly consist in the high wages of that labour

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59. The whole quantity brought to market, therefore, may be disposed of to those who are willing to give more than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land which produced them, together with the wages of the labour and the profits of the stock which were employed in preparing and bringing them to market, according to their natural rates

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60. The wages of the labour, and the profits of the stock employed in bringing such commodities to market, on the contrary, are seldom out of their natural proportion to those of the other employments of labour and stock in their neighbourhood

61. Whatever part of it was paid below the natural rate, the persons whose interest it affected would immediately feel the loss, and would immediately withdraw either so much land or no much labour, or so much stock, from being employed about it, that the quantity brought to market would soon be no more than sufficient to supply the effectual demand

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62. The policy must be as violent as that of Indostan or ancient Egypt (where every man was bound by a principle of religion to follow the occupation of his father, and was supposed to commit the most horrid sacrilege if he changed it for another), which can in any particular employment, and for several generations together, sink either the wages of labour or the profits of stock below their natural rate

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63. Though pecuniary wages and profit are very different in the different employments of labour and stock ; yet a certain proportion seems commonly to take place between both the pecuniary wages in all the different employments of labour, and the pecuniary profits in all the different employments of stock

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64. OF THE WAGES OF LABOUR

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65. The produce of labour constitutes the natural recompence or wages of labour

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66. In that original state of things which precedes both the appropriation of land and the accumulation of stock, the whole produce of labour belongs to the labourer

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67. Had this state continued, the wages of labour would have augmented with all those improvements in its productive powers, to which the division of labour gives occasion

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68. They would have been produced by a smaller quantity of labour ; and as the commodities produced by equal quantities of labour would naturally in this state of things be exchanged for one another, they would have been purchased likewise with the produce of a smaller quantity

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69. Let us suppose, for example, that in the greater part of employments the productive powers of labour had been improved to tenfold, or that a day's labour could produce ten times the quantity of work which it had done originally ; but that in a particular employment they had been improved only to double, or that a day's labour could produce only twice the quantity of work which it had done before

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70. In exchanging the produce of a day's labour in the greater part of employments for that of a day's labour in this particular one, ten times the original quantity of work in them would purchase only twice the original quantity in it

71. Though it required five times the quantity of other goods to purchase it, it would require only half the quantity of labour either to purchase or to produce it

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72. But this original state of things, in which the labourer enjoyed the whole produce of his own labour, could not last beyond the first introduction of the appropriation of land and the accumulation of stock

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73. It was at an end, therefore, long before the most considerable improvements were made in the productive powers of labour ; and it would be to no purpose to trace further what might have been its effects upon the recompence or wages of labour

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74. His rent makes the first deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land

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75. His maintenance is generally advanced to him from the stock of a master, the farmer who employs him, and who would have no interest to employ him, unless he was to share in the produce of his labour, or unless his stock was to be replaced to him with a profit

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76. This profit makes a second deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land

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77. The produce of almost all other labour is liable to the like deduction of profit

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78. He shares in the produce of their labour, or in the value which it adds to the materials upon which it is bestowed; and in this share consists his profit

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79. Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform, combination, not to raise the wages of labour above their actual rate

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80. Masters, too, sometimes enter into particular combinations to sink the wages of labour even below this rate

81. Such combinations, however, are frequently resisted by a contrary defensive combination of the workmen, who sometimes, too, without any provocation of this kind, combine, of their own accord, to raise tile price of their labour

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82. in order that, one with another, they may be enabled to bring up two children; the labour of the wife, on account of her necessary attendance on the children, being supposed no more than sufficient to provide for herself: But one half the children born, it is computed, die before the age of manhood

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83. The labour of an able-bodied slave, the same author adds, is computed to be worth double his maintenance ; and that of the meanest labourer, he thinks, cannot be worth less than that of an able-bodied slave

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84. Thus far at least seems certain, that, in order to bring up a family, the labour of the husband and wife together must, even in the lowest species of common labour, be able to earn something more than what is precisely necessary for their own maintenance; but in what proportion, whether in that above-mentioned, or many other, I shall not take upon me to determine

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85. If the money price of labour, therefore, be higher than it is anywhere in the

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86. Labour is there so well rewarded, that a numerous family of children, instead of being a burden, is a source of opulence and prosperity to the parents

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87. The labour of each child, before it can leave their house, is computed to be worth a hundred pounds clear gain to them

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88. Though the wealth of a country should be very great, yet if it has been long stationary, we must not expect to find the wages of labour very high in it

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89. If in such a country the wages off labour had ever been more than sufficient to maintain the labourer, and to enable him to bring up a family, the competition of the labourers and the interest of the masters would soon reduce them to the lowest rate which is consistent with common humanity

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90. The accounts of all travellers, inconsistent in many other respects, agree in the low wages of labour, and in the difficulty which a labourer finds in bringing up a family in China

91. But it would be otherwise in a country where the funds destined for the maintenance of labour were sensibly decaying

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92. The lowest class being not only overstocked with its own workmen, but with the overflowings of all the other classes, the competition for employment would be so great in it, as to reduce the wages of labour to the most miserable and scanty subsistence of the labourer

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93. The liberal reward of labour, therefore, as it is the necessary effect, so it is the natural symptom of increasing national wealth

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94. In Great Britain, the wages of labour seem, in the present times, to be evidently more than what is precisely necessary to enable the labourer to bring up a family

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95. There are many plain symptoms, that the wages of labour are nowhere in this country regulated by this lowest rate, which is consistent with common humanity

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96. Secondly, the wages of labour do not, in Great Britain, fluctuate with the price of provisions

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97. But in many places, the money price of labour remains uniformly the same, sometimes for half a century together

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98. The high price of provisions during these ten years past, has not, in many parts of the kingdom, been accompanied with any sensible rise in the money price of labour

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99. It has, indeed, in some ; owing, probably, more to the increase of the demand for labour, than to that of the price of provisions

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100. Thirdly, as the price of provisions varies more from year to year than the wages of labour, so, on the other hand, the wages of labour vary more from place to place than the price of provisions